Thyroid Cancer
Overview
Thyroid cancer is more common among women than men and accounts for only one percent of all cancers diagnosed in the United States. Most thyroid cancers grow slowly but certain types can be aggressive.
There are four major types of thyroid gland cancer: anaplastic, follicular, medullary and papillary. These types of thyroid cancer look differently under a microscope and generally grow at varying rates.
- 未分化癌. 未分化癌 is the fastest growing type of thyroid cancer. The cancer cells are extremely abnormal and spread rapidly to other parts of the body. 未分化癌s make up only about 2 percent of all thyroid cancers and are generally difficult to cure.
- 滤泡癌. This type of cancer also develops in thyroid cells that produce iodine-containing hormones. 大多数滤泡癌是可以治愈的. About 10 percent to 30 percent of thyroid cancers are follicular cancers. 这些癌症分化良好, meaning slow growing and contain cells that are similar to healthy thyroid cells.
- 髓样癌. 髓样癌 is more difficult to control than papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. The cells involved in medullary cancers produce calcitonin, a hormone that does not contain iodine. About 5 to 7 percent of all thyroid cancers are medullary cancers.
四种类型的甲状腺癌, only medullary thyroid cancer can be inherited, which is caused by an alteration in the RET gene. Individuals who inherit this alteration are almost certain to develop medullary thyroid cancer at some time in their lives. - 乳头状癌. This type of thyroid cancer develops in cells that produce thyroid hormones containing iodine. 乳头状癌分化良好, meaning that it grows very slowly and contains cells that are similar to healthy thyroid cells. Doctors usually can treat these cancers successfully, even when cancer cells have spread to nearby lymph nodes. 乳头状癌s account for about 60 percent to 80 percent of all thyroid cancers and have a favorable prognosis.
我们治疗甲状腺癌的方法
UCSF provides cutting-edge care for thyroid cancer, delivered in a comfortable and supportive environment. Thyroidectomy (surgical removal of the thyroid gland) is the recommended treatment for most cases. UCSF surgeons offer minimally invasive approaches to this procedure that result in less discomfort and lower risk of complications after surgery, and leave either no scar or a small scar hidden under the chin.
We also offer all other treatments for thyroid cancer, 包括放射性碘疗法, 甲状腺激素治疗和化疗.
Awards & recognition
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是全国顶尖的十大赌博平台排行榜之一
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北加州最好的，排名第一. 全国癌症治疗排名第七
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全国最好的糖尿病治疗中心之一 & 内分泌学
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指定综合癌症中心
Signs & symptoms
The most common symptom of thyroid cancer is a lump, or nodule, that can be felt in the thyroid gland or neck. 其他症状很少见.
Pain is seldom an early warning sign of thyroid cancer. You may have a tight or full feeling in the neck, 呼吸或吞咽困难, 声音嘶哑或淋巴结肿大.
Diagnosis
Your doctor may use several tests to learn the size and location of a thyroid nodule or to help determine if a lump is benign, 意思是没有癌变, 或恶性, 意义癌变. Your doctor may order blood tests to check how well your thyroid is functioning.
超声 is a technique that produces a picture of the thyroid. 在这个过程中, 高频声波, 哪些是人类听不到的, 通过甲状腺. The patterns of echoes produced by these waves are converted into a picture or sonogram by a computer. Doctors can tell if nodules are fluid-filled cysts, 通常是良性的, 或者可能是恶性的实性肿块.
A radioactive iodine scan can outline abnormal areas of the thyroid. 扫描前, you are given a very small amount of a radioactive substance, 通常为锝(Tc-99m), 哪些聚集在甲状腺. An instrument called a scanner can detect areas in the thyroid that don't absorb iodine normally. Because such "cold spots" can be either benign 或恶性, further tests are necessary.
Biopsy, or studying tissue samples under a microscope, is the only sure way to determine if you have thyroid cancer. There are two ways to obtain a sample of thyroid tissue — by withdrawing cells using a needle, 叫做穿刺活检, 或者通过手术切除结节, 叫做手术活检. In either case, a pathologist examines the tissue to look for cancer cells.
如果穿刺活检没有发现癌症, your doctor may recommend a surgical biopsy or give you thyroid hormone. Thyroid hormones make it unnecessary for the thyroid to produce its own hormones. The gland, including the nodule, may shrink and become inactive. If the thyroid hormone is not effective, surgical biopsy may be performed.
Treatments
Surgery
Surgery is standard treatment for cancer of the thyroid. A doctor may remove the cancer using one of the following operations:
- Total thyroidectomy removes the entire thyroid and is the most common operation recommended.
- Thyroid lobectomy removes one lobe of the gland and may be appropriate for select small, 缓慢生长的癌症.
- Lymph node dissection removes lymph nodes in the neck that contain cancer.
放射治疗
放射治疗 uses high-energy X-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation for cancer of the thyroid usually comes from drinking a liquid that contains radioactive iodine. 因为甲状腺吸收碘, the radioactive iodine collects in any thyroid tissue remaining in the body and kills the cancer cells. Radiation from a machine outside the body may be given for some advanced tumors after surgery.
激素疗法
激素疗法 uses thyroid hormone to stop cancer cells from growing. 治疗甲状腺癌, thyroid hormone can be used to stop the body from making other hormones that might make cancer cells grow. Thyroid hormones are usually given as a pill taken once a day.
化疗
化疗 uses drugs to kill cancer cells. 化疗 may be taken by pill, or it may be put into the body by a needle in the vein or muscle. 化疗 is called a systemic treatment because the drug enters the bloodstream, travels through the body and can kill cancer cells outside the thyroid.
UCSF Health medical specialists have reviewed this information. It is for educational purposes only and is not intended to replace the advice of your doctor or other health care provider. We encourage you to discuss any questions or concerns you may have with your provider.
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