红斑狼疮

迹象 & 症状

Although the severity and range of 症状 of lupus differ for each person, 常见症状包括:

• 关节疼痛或肿胀，肌肉疼痛
• 原因不明的发热
• "Butterfly" rashes, most commonly across the bridge of nose and cheeks
• 深呼吸时胸痛，称为胸膜炎
• 异常脱发
• 对太阳的敏感性
• 腿部或眼睛周围肿胀或水肿
• 腺体肿胀
• 极度疲劳

诊断

Your doctor will begin by recording your complete medical history, 包括你的症状描述. You also will undergo a physical examination to check for any physical signs of the disease. In order to make a definitive diagnosis of lupus a number of tests may be used, 包括以下内容:

• 抗核抗体试验(ANA) This test identifies certain autoantibodies typically present in the blood of people with lupus. 大多数狼疮患者的ANA测试呈阳性. 然而, a positive ANA result can occur due to infections and other rheumatic or immune diseases. In addition, healthy people without lupus also can test positive.
• 其他血液检查 Your doctor may order other blood tests for individual types of autoantibodies, 哪一种对狼疮患者更有针对性. These antibodies include anti-DNA and anti-ENA antibodies as well as serum complement levels. 然而, not all people with lupus have positive tests.
• 验尿 因为狼疮会引起肾脏问题, your doctor may recommend an examination of your urine, 叫做尿分析. 如果发现蛋白质含量升高, you may be asked to collect all the urine you pass in a 24-hour period for analysis.
• 活组织检查 在某些情况下, your doctor may recommend a biopsy of an affected organ, 比如肾或皮肤, 以便更好地帮助诊断和治疗. 肾活检需要住院一晚.

Your doctor may order a test for syphilis or anticardiolipin antibodies. A positive test does not mean that you have syphilis, but may indicate the presence of an antibody that increases the risk of blood clotting and miscarriages.

治疗

目前还没有治愈狼疮的方法. 然而, 对大多数人来说, effective treatment can greatly reduce 症状 and help maintain normal body functions. 治疗通常包括:

• Medications to reduce inflammation and activity of the immune system
• 平衡休息和锻炼
• 保持健康饮食

药物治疗

通常用于治疗狼疮的药物包括:

• 非甾体抗炎药(NSAIDs) 这些药物, such as aspirin and ibuprofen, may relieve muscle and joint pain as well as arthritis.
• 对乙酰氨基酚 This is the main ingredient in Tylenol, a mild pain reliever.
• 糖皮质激素 合成的皮质类固醇, 比如强的松, are used to reduce inflammation and suppress activity of the immune system.
• 抗疟药 这些药物, 比如普拉克尼, help with 症状 of lupus and also may prevent major flares in other organs.
• Immunomodulating药物 这些药物, such as Imuran, Cellcept, Methotrexate and Cytoxan, suppress the immune system. They may allow a reduction in the dose of corticosteroids.

生活方式的改变

对大多数狼疮患者来说, making positive lifestyle changes allow them to better manage the disease and improve their quality of life. 预防措施包括:

• Regular exercise that helps prevent muscle weakness and fatigue
• Immunizations to protect against specific infections
• 生活方式的调整, 比如得到充分的休息, 减少压力, 均衡饮食，戒烟
• Avoiding excessive sun exposure or regularly applying sunscreens in order to reduce rashes and flares in lupus